Mast cell tumours in dogs

Mast cells are a specific type of white blood cell that can be found in various organs and tissues, and they play a crucial role in the immune response of dogs. These cells are most commonly found in areas like the skin, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. They contain granules that are filled with substances like histamine, which are released when there is inflammation or an allergic reaction. If mast cells undergo a malignant transformation, they can lead to the development of mast cell tumours (MCTs).

These tumours can affect dogs of any age but are more frequently seen in middle-aged dogs, especially in certain breeds like Boxers, Boston Terriers, Pugs, Bullmastiffs, and Cocker Spaniels. Detecting MCTs early and seeking timely veterinary care are crucial for effectively managing the condition and ensuring the well-being of affected dogs.

What are common mast cell tumour signs in dogs?

Early signs include

• Skin lumps varying in shape and size, which may change rapidly
• Red, inflamed, and itchy patches on the skin, commonly found on the chest, legs, feet, and around the bottom
• Ulcers or swelling associated with skin bumps

Intermediate to advanced signs include: 

• Tumour spread to organs like lymph nodes, spleen, and liver, which can cause enlargement of these organs
• Abdominal fluid buildup, leading to a swollen or rounded belly
• Symptoms such as vomiting, loss of appetite, and dark stools indicating bleeding
• Presence of larger, ulcerated, and hairless tumours, often suggesting aggressive behaviour

How is mast cell tumour treated in dogs?  

The treatment for mast cell tumours (MCT) in dogs can vary based on factors like the tumour's aggressiveness, whether it has spread, and its location. In cases of less aggressive tumours that have not spread, the preferred initial treatment is often surgery to remove the tumour along with some surrounding healthy tissue. The goal of this surgery is to completely eliminate the cancer cells. However, for more aggressive tumours, a combination of surgery and chemotherapy may be necessary.

Chemotherapy includes administering medications that target specific types of MCTs, however, it may not be as effective for tumours that have extensively spread. In situations where surgery is not an option or does not eliminate all tumour cells, radiation therapy can be utilised as a supplementary treatment. Occasionally, medications such as antihistamines or stomach protectants are prescribed to alleviate symptoms caused by MCTs. It is important to consult with your vet to make treatment decisions, considering your dog's health and the unique characteristics of the tumour.

What is the prognosis for dogs with mast cell tumour?

When considering the prognosis for dogs with mast cell tumours (MCT), it is important to evaluate several factors. The grade and extent of spread of the tumour are key in determining the outcome. Low-grade MCTs that can be completely removed usually have a more positive prognosis, while high-grade MCTs, especially if they have spread, pose greater challenges.

Surgical removal often leads to positive outcomes for low-grade MCTs, but the possibility of recurrence highlights the need for ongoing monitoring. In contrast, high-grade MCTs typically result in shorter survival times with surgery alone which is usually around a few months. However, advanced treatments such as radiation therapy or chemotherapy can prolong survival, often exceeding one year.

Regular monitoring and immediate veterinary care are vital for managing MCTs in dogs. Euthanasia may also be considered in severe cases where dogs are suffering from advanced MCT symptoms.

Management tips for dogs with mast cell tumour

At-home needs include:

• Keep a close eye on any changes in the size or appearance of the tumour.
• Make sure to consistently give them the prescribed medications.
• Offer a balanced diet that meets their specific health needs.
• Keep their living environment clean and comfortable.

For end-of-life care:

• Prioritise their comfort and well-being.
• Provide ample love and companionship throughout this period.
• Consider gentle palliative care measures to improve their quality of life.
• Have an open and honest discussion with your veterinarian about end-of-life decisions when necessary.
• Evaluate your dog’s quality of life with our scoring tool, here

In a crisis:

If your dog shows any new lumps or bumps, sudden changes in behaviour or appetite, or signs of discomfort like excessive scratching or licking, it's important to contact your vet right away as these could be signs of mast cell tumours.

It is vital to begin end-of-life care discussions before your dog‘s condition becomes unmanageable, or they begin losing their quality of life. 

Don’t wait until the very end. It’s important to consider your pet’s end-of-life journey early, so that you, your family and your pet are all supported through the process.

When the time comes, we’re here for you. Goodbye Good Boy provides a range of end-of-life services to make the difficult process of saying goodbye a little easier. 

We offer quality of life assessments from qualified vets, specialist grief counselling, at home euthanasia from dedicated end of life veterinarians, as well as cremation services and memorial options to help remember your pet for their unique character.

We are with you at every step of the journey.

To find out more, you can call our team of passionate pet lovers on 1800 953 619.